RELIGIN AND SCIENCE

Kamis, Desember 18, 2008

BARRIER BETWEEN SEAS

HOME PAGE 

BARRIER BETWEEN SEAS

19- He has let free the two seas meeting together. 
20- Between them there is a barrier which they do not transgress. 
55-Gracious, 19-20 

A famous French oceanographer, J. Cousteau, gives the following account as a 
result of his studies in water barriers: ?We studied the assertions by certain 
researchers about barriers separating seas, and noticed that the Mediterranean 
Sea had its own salinity and density and housed autochthonous fauna and flora. 
Then we examined the water of the Atlantic Ocean and discovered features 
entirely different from those of the Mediterranean Sea. According to our 
expectations, these two seas that merged in the strait of Gibraltar should 
present similar characteristics in terms of salinity, density and other 
properties. The two seas presented different features even though they were 
adjacent. This greatly puzzled us. An incredible barrier prevented the two seas 
from coming together. The same sort of a barrier had also been observed in Bab 
Al-Mandab in the Gulf of Aden connecting with the Red Sea. 

Subsequent to our observations, further researchers made it clear that the seas 
which had different characteristics had some barriers.? This fact that astounded 
oceanographers was revealed 14 centuries ago in the Quran. This aspect, not 
visible to the naked eye and appearing to be in conflict with the properties of 
water known to man, was first revealed to men in the Arabian peninsula, men who 
were not at all experienced in any sense with oceanography.

THE COLORFUL WORLD IN THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA 
The barriers between adjacent seas demonstrate a rich diversity, a result of the 
perfect planning of God. Wherever we turn our gaze, the complexion of human 
beings, the infinite diversity of flowers, etc., demonstrate the marvelous 
diversity of God?s creation. The Quran refers to the waters that do not coalesce. 
This is because of a physical characteristic called ?surface tension.? Thus, 
neighboring seas present different densities, salinity rates and compositions. 
These differences enable media that permit different species to coexist. Thus, 
fish, plants and microorganisms living under water present untold varieties. 
Water, that usually mixes easily, can turn into a wall thanks to God?s 
imposition and operation of physical laws, contributing to this variety. This 
fact is not affected by strong waves and currents. This property to which the 
Quran refers is a miraculous statement unknown at the time of the Prophet and 
presents clear evidence for the man of understanding. 

53- He is the One who has set free the two seas; one is sweet and palatable, and 
the other is salty and bitter. And He made a barrier between them, a partition 
that is forbidden to be passed. 
25-The Distinquisher, 53

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group 

MOUNTAINS AS PEGS

HOME PAGE 

MOUNTAINS AS PEGS

6- Have We not made the earth habitable? 
7- And the mountains as pegs? 
78-The Event, 6-7 

Mountains are often mentioned in the Quran. The simile of pegs seems to be 
preternatural in the light of geological findings of the last century. The 
mountains we observe on the surface of the earth rest on immense strata that may 
be ten to fifteen times as deep as the portion remaining on the surface of the 
earth. For instance, the highest mountain on earth, whose peak attains an 
altitude of 9 km from the ground, possesses a substratum that goes about 125 km 
into the depths of the earth. For a peg to be able to fulfill its function, the 
length of the portion stuck in the earth is important. The same holds true for 
the mountain. 

There also exist mountains rising from the bottom of seas that also possess 
substratum. These substrata support the visible portion of the mountains in 
accordance with the Archimedean principle. These substrata were unknown until a 
few centuries back, let alone during the time of the Prophet. The simile in the 
Quran is once again a miraculous statement.

FUNCTION OF MOUNTAINS
In geology textbooks that have not been updated, information is not available 
about the role the mountains play, the role of stabilizing the crust of the 
earth. However, there are some publications on this issue. 

The book entitled ?Earth? is one of the many now on the market. Frank Press, 
author of this book, is the president of the Academy of Sciences, adviser to 
Jimmy Carter, ex-President of the USA. This author likens the mountains to 
wedges, the greater part of which remain underneath the surface of the earth. In 
this book, Dr. Press explains the functions of mountains, drawing special 
attention to their important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth. This 
information exactly matches the statement in the Quran: 

31- ?And We have set on the earth mountains standing firm lest it should shake 
with them.? 
21-The Prophets, 31 

Actually, the crust of the earth floats on a liquid. This outermost layer of the 
earth extends 5 km from the surface. The depths of the mountain strata go as far 
down as 35 km. Thus, the mountains are sort of pegs driven into the earth. Just 
like the pegs used to stabilize a tent on the ground, so these pegs stabilize 
the crust of the earth. Mountains are the outcome of collisions between strata 
of the earth?s crust; the result of the encroachment of a given stratum on 
another one. These strata that go deeper and deeper enable the crust layers to 
integrate. 

Isostasy is defined in the Webster?s Third New Twentieth Century Dictionary as 
follows: ?Isostasy is the general equilibrium in the earth?s crust, maintained 
by a yielding flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitate stress, 
and by the approximate equality in mass of each unit column of the earth from 
the surface to a depth of about 100 km.? At a time when mountains were viewed as 
mere prominences, the Quran?s reference to mountains? strata invisible to the 
eye and their stabilization role leaves us in awe.

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group 

FAULTS ON THE EARTH?S SURFACE

HOME PAGE 

FAULTS ON THE EARTH?S SURFACE

12- By the fractured earth. 
86-The Knocker, 12 

In the verse preceding the above verse (The Knocker, verse 11), the returning 
property of the sky was stressed; this refers to phenomena unknown to men 1400 
years ago (Chapter 20 of the present book). In the above verse there are also 
factual implications that the public during the Prophet?s time did not know. As 
faults had not yet been discovered, the verse was believed to refer to the 
opening of the earth for the sprouting of vegetation. 

In the post-Second World War years, scientists intensified submarine research 
activity with a view to having access to precious metals and minerals. During 
this research work, they came across something quite unexpected; the bottom of 
the seas were covered with fissures that came to be called ?faults? or ?cracks.? 
If we draw an analogy between the period that has elapsed since the second world 
war until today with the period that has elapsed from the time of the descent of 
the Quran 1400 years ago, when there was reference to this information in the 
Quran, we can better appreciate the value of this reference.

EVERYTHING IS INTERCONNECTED
The Quran now draws our attention to the sky, now to the earth, displaying the 
hidden mysteries and inciting us to inquire into them. As is the case with the 
sky, so it is with the depths of the earth-endless mysteries waiting to be 
unraveled. The ?fractured earth? referred to in the verse is of towering 
importance from the point of view of establishing a connection between the magma 
under the ground and the surface. These cracks also play a decisive role in the 
formation of the submarine topography. 

Information about the faults is also important as it provides us with detailed 
knowledge about earthquakes. Big earthquakes occur along the fault lines on the 
crust. Differentiated movements in the huge masses of substrata form a strain 
along the fault line. The rocks on each side of the cracks try to resist it 
before the crust gives way. 

In any single earthquake, the amount of slip, in other words the relative 
displacement of the two fault surfaces, may be a few inches, it is so even in 
big earthquakes. Studies have been carried out on faults to map out the regions 
likely to suffer greater damages, the requirements for the construction of 
edifices to resist the tremor. 

The greatest fault upon the earth is the one that stretches from Greenland?s 
offshore to Antarctica. The second largest one stretches along the Pacific Ocean 
along the Western shore of North and South America. The third important fault 
lies in the depths of the Asian continent under the Himalayas and follows the 
South Asian direction. Along with these greater ones there are shorter ones as 
well. The Quran directs our attention to places where earthquakes can be 
expected to take place. If we give up our custom of reciting the Quran merely 
for the souls of those who have departed, and take it as a guide for our life, 
we can reach the truth hidden in it. 

89- We have sent down to you a Book explaining all things, a guide, a mercy and 
glad tidings for those who submit. 
16-The Honeybee, 89

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group 

EARTHQUAKES? MESSAGE AND HEAVY BURDENS

HOME PAGE 

EARTHQUAKES? MESSAGE AND HEAVY BURDENS

1- When the earth is severely quaked. 
2- And the earth throws out its heavy burdens. 
3- And man enquires, ?What has come over it?? 
4- On that day, it will tell its information. 
99-The Earthquake, 1-4 

The Arabic word ?zilzal? means ?earthquake.? The above verses are quoted from 
the sura The Earthquake. These verses are believed to refer justifiably to the 
earthquake expected to occur in the end of the world; however, we should take 
due notice of its wider sense, depicting earthquakes in general. The fourth 
verse announces that men will be informed on that day. A terrible disaster like 
an earthquake associates in one?s mind destruction in the first place causing 
material damage and bodily injury, leading to a general terror and panic. This 
announcement must have astounded the public. 

To establish a link between earthquakes and knowledge of certain facts seemed 
inconceivable to people up until the last century. Today we have a great many 
data in our possession regarding the ground beneath our feet, thanks to 
earthquakes. The shortest radius we could draw from where we might be to the 
center of the earth is longer than 6000 km, a distance we can never cover. Yes, 
an earthquake provides information about that portion of the earth inaccessible 
to us. (During the earthquake to take place at the end of the world, it is 
possible that men will be further enlightened on subjects beyond His prediction. 
We certainly do not assert that the verse?s meaning is limited to our 
interpretation.)

BURDENS OF THE EARTH
The second verse of the sura Earthquake is interesting in that it refers to the 
burdens of the earth. Years have gone by and men have failed to understand what 
those burdens might be. The widely accepted interpretation was that the sura 
referred to the earthquake that was going to take place at the end of the world 
when the dead would be resurrected and treasures hidden underground would rise 
to the surface. No one could have guessed that the ground beneath was formed of 
dense and heavy matter that would rise to the surface. References to earthquakes 
in the Quran contribute to our better appreciation of them. Let us not forget 
that people believed at the time that the earth rested on the horns of an ox or 
on a fish whose tail, when it moved, produced earthquakes (The commentary of Ibn 
Kethir is an example). The fact that the Quran made no reference to such false 
beliefs is another indication of its miraculous character. 

The more we know about the contents of the Quran and about the universe, the 
more we appreciate God?s artistry and the perfection of his religion. 

9- Say: ?Are those who know equal to those who do not know? Only men of 
understanding take heed.? 
39-The Throngs, 9

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group 

DIAMETERS OF THE EARTH AND SPACE

HOME PAGE 

DIAMETERS OF THE EARTH AND SPACE 

33- O society of jinns and men, cross the diameters of the heavens and the earth, 
if you have the ability, then pass beyond them. But you cannot, unless you 
acquire an authorization. 
55-Gracious, 33 

The Arabic word for diameter is ?kutr? of which the plural is ?aktar;? this 
refers to the fact that the heavens and the earth have a plurality of diameters. 
The Arabic language has a special plural to express ?duality;? the word aktar 
expresses a magnitude superior to one or two. We must be careful in the case of 
three-dimensional objects; ?diameter? exists only in spheroid figures. In the 
case of a perfect sphere we cannot speak of a plurality of diameters, for, in a 
perfect sphere, there can be only one diameter. We observe in the verse the use 
of the plural, which is remarkable. 

This verse is particularly important, as it refers to the geoidal structure of 
the world. Doubts about the spheroid structure of the world were dispelled by 
the law of gravitation of Newton (1642-1724). Previously it was believed that 
men, the living beings and the seas beneath the surface of the earth would have 
fallen down had the world been a sphere. Isaac Newton?s law of gravitation 
convinced men that their belief was false. Objections to the sphericity of the 
world were henceforth withdrawn, although many people still adhered to their 
former convictions. If you spoke of ?diameters? of the earth, Newton would have 
corrected you saying: ?the diameter of the earth.? A sphere can have but one 
diameter but in the geodesic sphere, which is the actual shape of the world, 
this is possible.

CONFINES OF SPACE
The mention in the verse of ?the diameters of the heavens? is also significant. 
Until man took cognizance of the primeval explosion and the 
expanding universe, many scientists believed space to be infinite. Space 
continuously expands and wherever it expands a new and still larger diameter is 
formed (this was explained in Ch. 1, 2 & 3). As a matter of fact, scientists 
have likened space to an inflating balloon in accord with the statement of the 
verse. Measurements taken at various spots in space would give different 
diametrical results, while even these measurements taken would change every 
instant. The use of the plural for the diameter of the heavens is of towering 
importance, since there is more than just one diameter and because the concept 
of infinite space is refuted. 

The equatorial axes and the diameters in between the equatorial axis will be the 
longest, while the shortest diameter will be in the polar region. Other 
diameters will range in between. The diameter measured from the level of the 
poles to the end point of the atmosphere, the one drawn from the equator to the 
end point of the atmosphere, and the diameters in between differ also. 

We should like to draw your attention to a point. In a good many translations of 
the Quran there are references to the confines of the earth and the heavens, to 
its periphery and contours and frontiers, and the word ?diameters? is skipped. 
Indeed, the extremities of the diameter of an area give the contour, the limits 
and the periphery of that area. We draw the attention of translators to this 
subtle point.

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group 

SOIL THAT VIBRATES AND SWELLS AS IT COMES TO LIFE

HOME PAGE 

SOIL THAT VIBRATES AND SWELLS AS IT COMES TO LIFE

5- ...You see the earth barren and lifeless, but when We pour down water on it, 
it vibrates, it swells and puts forth every kind of beautiful growth in pairs. 
22-The Pilgrimage, 5 

It is general knowledge that there is no life without air and water. Does it 
ever occur to anyone that soil also is a prerequisite to life? The soil is in 
continuous development. Throughout thousands of years, especially by the effect 
of water, it has undergone transformation by erosion of the Lithosphere. As the 
rate of this erosion is 0.01 mm per year in hard rocks, this transformation is 
imperceptible (This rate rises up to 20 mm in warmer regions). In this 
transition process, the earth rises from the inorganic world of minerals to an 
organic sphere. In a fertile section of earth 1 m3 there are some 30 million 
bacteria. 

The above verse refers to reactions that occur in series after rainfall. The 
vibrating and swelling of soil were at first believed to be literary expressions. 
But Robert Brown?s discovery of the earth?s shaking referred to as ?Brownian 
movement? was another proof of the Quran?s miraculous insight. Three stages are 
mentioned in the Quran, namely: 

1) Earth?s vibrating 
2) Earth?s swelling and 
3) Earth?s products in pairs. 

1) In the first stage, particles in the soil begin moving upon the fall of 
rainwater. Raindrops falling on the earth at random move in every direction. The 
particles are ionized. They are positively ionized as there is a fall in the 
electrical charge and negatively ionized as there is a rise in the electrical 
charge. With the arrival of water the ionized molecules begin vibrating. Robert 
Brown, who discovered this phenomenon in 1828, called this movement: ?Brownian 
movement.? 

2) The second point refers to the growth in size of the earth?s particles as 
they absorb water. Soil particles are composed of joint layers. Between any two 
layers, there are spaces that allow water particles and dissolved ions to enter. 
When water and the nourishing elements dissolve in it, they diffuse between 
layers, resulting in the swelling of the size of the soil particles. The soil?s 
property of holding water prevents its penetration any deeper, and thus provides 
for organisms and plants to live. 

3) The third stage refers to the germination of seeds. As the verse points out, 
the fertilization process has started. The soil that seemed dead comes to life 
with water, giving in turn life to vegetation that begins to sprout. 

There are many references to the creation of plants. Parallels are drawn between 
the creation and restoration to life of plants and the resurrection raising from 
the dead. The period when a plant begins to sprout is likened to youth, and the 
period when the plant ripens to adolescence, and then to maturity. Just like a 
man gets weaker and frailer as he grows older and wrinkles appear on his skin, 
so do plants dry and lose their luster. When they die, they mix with the soil, 
just like the corpse of a man. As plants grow again, so will man rise from the 
dead. God, who causes plants to die every year and regenerates them, so will He 
raise men from the dead. 

33- One sign for them is the dead land. We revive it and produce from it grains 
which they eat. 
36-Ya-Seen, 33 

Copyright © 2001-2008 Quranic Research Group